Lipid Metabolism

• APOC3 – Cholesterol metabolism
• APOE – Catabolism of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; influences antioxidant requirements
• CETP – Regulates HDL metabolism and lipid exchange between lipoproteins
• LPL – Removes triglycerides from circulation by releasing free fatty acids
• PON1 – Supports HDL’s protective role against atherosclerosis

Insulin Sensitivity

• PPARG – Regulates fat cell differentiation and glucose/lipid metabolism
• TCF7L2 – Influences insulin secretion and insulin resistance
• SLC2A2 – Facilitates glucose-induced insulin secretion
• FTO – Associated with obesity risk and type 2 diabetes
• IRS1 – Key mediator of insulin signalling

Methylation Pathways

• MTHFD1 – Supports folate-dependent methylation efficiency
• MTHFR – Directs folate toward DNA synthesis or homocysteine recycling
• MTR – Converts homocysteine to methionine
• MTRR – Maintains active vitamin B12 for methylation
• CBS – Removes homocysteine from the methylation cycle
• COMT – Breaks down neurotransmitters using methyl groups

Phase I Detoxification

• CYP1A1 – Converts environmental toxins into reactive intermediates

Phase I Detoxification – Caffeine

• CYP1A2 – Determines the speed of caffeine metabolism

Phase II Detoxification

• GSTM1 & GSTP1 – Remove toxins, carcinogens, and oxidative by-products
• GSTT1 – Catalyses glutathione conjugation
• NQO1 – Detoxifies compounds from smoke, diet, and oestrogen metabolism

Antioxidant Enzymes

• eNOS – Regulates blood vessel tone and circulation
• SOD2 (MnSOD) – Mitochondrial antioxidant defence
• GPx – Selenium-dependent antioxidant enzymes
• CAT – Converts hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen

Inflammation

• CRP – Marker of systemic inflammation
• IL-1A, IL-1B, IL-1RN – Regulators of inflammatory signalling
• IL-6 & IL-6R – Drive inflammatory responses and CRP production
• TNFA – Major pro-inflammatory cytokine

Vitamin D Metabolism & Bone Health

• VDR – Influences bone density and calcium absorption
• CYP2R1 – Converts vitamin D to its active circulating form
• GC – Vitamin D binding protein

Vitamin A Metabolism

• BCO1 – Converts carotenoids into active vitamin A

Vitamin B12 Transport

• FUT2 – Influences vitamin B12 absorption and transport

Lactose Intolerance

• MCM6 – Determines lactase persistence in adulthood

Gluten Sensitivity

• HLA-DQ2 / HLA-DQ8 – Genetic predisposition to coeliac disease

Alcohol Metabolism

• ALDH2 – Detoxifies aldehydes produced during alcohol metabolism

Iron Overload

• HFE – Genetic risk factor for haemochromatosis

Fat Absorption & Metabolism

• ADIPOQ – Regulates glucose tolerance and lipid oxidation
• APOA2 & APOA5 – Influence lipid metabolism and insulin resistance
• FABP2 – Affects fat absorption
• PLIN – Influences diet-induced obesity

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Metabolism

• FADS1 – Key enzyme in PUFA metabolism

Energy Homeostasis

• UCP1, UCP2, UCP3 – Regulate energy expenditure and heat production

Epinephrine Receptors – Energy Mobilisation

• ADRB2 – Influences blood vessel growth
• ADRB3 – Regulates lipolysis and metabolic rate

Dopamine Receptor

• DRD2 – Influences reward behaviour and eating patterns

Taste Sensitivity

• TAS1R2 & TAS2R38 – Affect sugar preference and bitter sensitivity

Snacking & Satiety

• MC4R – Strong genetic link to appetite regulation

Circadian Rhythms

• CLOCK – Influences sleep patterns and circadian timing

Blood Flow & Respiration

• AGT & ACE – Regulate blood pressure and salt sensitivity
• BDKRB2 – Influences vascular response
• VEGF – Affects capillary blood flow

Exercise Performance & Recovery

• NRF2 – Improves respiratory capacity and ATP production
• PPARGC1A – Supports mitochondrial biogenesis
• PPARA – Regulates lipid and glucose metabolism

Musculoskeletal Properties

• ACTN3 – Influences fast-twitch muscle fibres

Muscle Cramping Susceptibility

• AMPD1 – Linked to muscle fatigue and cramping

Collagen Production & Joint Health

• COL1A1 & COL5A1 – Structural collagen in tendons and ligaments
• GDF5 – Supports joint and soft tissue development